The breakaway republics were recognized in the boundaries of their respective Ukrainian oblasts, which extend far beyond the line of contact. On 21 February 2022, Russia officially recognized the two breakaway regions in eastern Ukraine, the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic, as independent states, and deployed troops to Donbas, in a move interpreted as Russia's effective withdrawal from the Minsk Protocol. International affairs analyst Fiona Hill later commented on 28 February 2022 Russia's invasion of Ukraine was another sign that World War III was already underway. The crisis was described by many commentators as one of the most intense in Europe since the Cold War. NATO rejected these requests, and the United States warned Russia of 'swift and severe' economic sanctions should it further invade Ukraine. In December 2021, Russia advanced two draft treaties that contained requests for what it referred to as 'security guarantees', including a legally binding promise that Ukraine would not join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) as well as a reduction in NATO troops and materiel stationed in Eastern Europe, and threatened unspecified military response if those demands were not met in full. The crisis is related to the ongoing (2014вЂ“present) War in Donbas, which is in turn part of the Russo-Ukrainian War. Despite the Russian military build-ups, Russian officials from November 2021 to 20 February 2022 repeatedly denied that Russia had plans to invade Ukraine. A second build-up began in October 2021, this time with greater numbers of soldiers and with deployments on new fronts by December over 100,000 Russian troops were massed around Ukraine on three sides. The troops were partially withdrawn by June 2021, though the infrastructure was left in place. Satellite imagery showed movements of armour, missiles, and heavy weaponry. This precipitated an international crisis due to concerns over a potential invasion. In March and April 2021, Russian president Vladimir Putin ordered the Russian military to begin massing thousands of personnel and equipment near its border with Ukraine and in Crimea, representing the largest mobilization since the annexation of Crimea in 2014. 4 (Operation Unifier) (until 13 February 2022).53 ( Operation Orbital) (until 12 February 2022).

260 ( Operation Unifier) (until 13 February 2022).

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